The literature review provides practical insights and highlights emerging trends to inform the design and delivery of effective marine NPI actions.
Key topics addressed include:
- Concepts and definitions: the review explains what NPI means, how it differs from ‘nature positive’, and its relationship with global frameworks such as the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. It highlights the importance of a robust application of the mitigation hierarchy—avoid, minimise, restore, offset—and the need for measurable actions focused on priority habitats and species
- Operational challenges: it addresses real-world issues such as feasibility of marine offsets and restoration, cumulative impacts, migratory species, and the role of artificial habitats and nature-inclusive design. The review also explores the use of natural capital approaches and biodiversity credits in marine NPI
- Measurement and implementation: the review discusses approaches to setting reference states, selecting metrics and verifying outcomes. The findings emphasise prioritisation on biodiversity features, strategic interventions, and the need for measurable, on-the-ground improvements to the state of nature
This report is intended for practitioners who are responsible for designing and implementing marine NPI actions
